Digestive Health Newsletter

A Patient's Story (And Their Loved Ones)

David T. Rubin, MD

Volume 9, 
October 01, 2007

by David T. Rubin, MD

David Rubin David T. Rubin, MD, is Associate Professor of Medicine, Department of Medicine, and Program Director for the Fellowship in Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition and Co-Director of Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center at the University of Chicago Medical Center in Chicago, Illinois. His clinical practice is based at the Reva and David Logan Center for Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Dr. Rubin has been an invited reviewer for such journals as the Gastroenterology, American Journal of Gastroenterology, Clinical Gastroenterology/Hepatology, and Inflammatory Bowel Disease. An avid researcher, Dr. Rubin's interests include colon cancer screening and prevention, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), teaching medicine, and clinical medical ethics. He is currently the principal investigator for several research projects and clinical trials. Dr. Rubin has contributed numerous peer-reviewed publications, book chapters, review articles and abstracts to the medical literature.

Table of Contents

Introduction

There are two submissions in this newsletter "One Patient's Story." One is from the fiancé of a patient with ulcerative colitis and one is from the mother of a patient with Crohn's disease. These articles very effectively share the emotions, fear and uncertainty that family and friends face when someone they love is affected by a chronic disease, and both echo a similar sentiment that not knowing what was ailing their loved one was much more stressful than (finally) finding out the diagnosis and moving forward with successful therapies. So often we don't acknowledge that the other people sitting next to our patients in the waiting room or in the exam room are profoundly affected by all that is happening. These articles provide an opportunity to reflect on this and to thank them for all that they do.

David T. Rubin, M.D.

These articles originally appeared in the University of Chicago Medical Center Patient Newsletter "The Inside Tract".

Living with Ulcerative Colitis: The Girlfriend's View

by: Jeanine Cassidy

All of this started early in our relationship, at a time when he was not too comfortable telling me his symptoms of bleeding, extreme abdominal pain, and rushing to the bathroom so often. In a short time, however, both our relationship and his ill health got stronger and finally he opened up to me and to his family. This was the first step to his recovery or should I say "manageability" of this disease.

Now, granted, we still did not know what the problem was, nor did the doctors we saw know, for that matter. First he was being treated for hemorrhoids, and that did not seem to solve any of the problems. Then the tests began, and again no real answers. It was extremely frustrating to watch someone I love and care about feeling so bad and not being able to help him.

After a year of still not knowing what was happening, we made the decision to switch to the University of Chicago Hospitals for answers. That was the best decision that was made. We were referred to an excellent surgeon at the university by the name of Dr. Charles Perrott and he started different treatments, and some worked and some did not. As this treatment continued, I noticed that his appetite outside the house decreased severely. He was hesitant to leave the house altogether for fear that he would not be near a restroom fast enough. We had made plans to visit my family in Philadelphia but the travel was very hard on him. We did not have any social life for fear of not having control of restroom access when we needed it. Our daily routines such as grocery shopping even changed. We would go together, but often I would have to be left there alone while he ran back home with the car, just hoping he would make it in time. Our sex life had come to a screeching halt, and our friends thought that we didn't have an interest in seeing them anymore when we kept turning down their dinner or party invitations. Our weekend tennis game had to stop because of the lack of energy and being out in such an open public park. We used to love going for bike rides and that was not even a thought now.

At this point we discussed his condition, and Dr. Perrott referred us to Dr. Rubin. He performed a colonoscopy and diagnosed him and told us just how sick he really was at that point. Well the relief that we felt to finally know what was wrong was so overwhelming we actually smiled at each other in a strange way. At that point we both knew without saying one word to each other, that now our life could finally move forward. Maybe it was going to be a hard move, but one that we could begin to understand. After two blood transfusions to replace all that was lost during the unknown years, we immediately saw a difference in our lives. The energy that he lacked was back, and the energy I lost by worrying was back. Don't get me wrong, there is not a day that goes by that I do not worry, but it is more easily discussed between the two of us.

A year has gone by since the diagnosis, and some treatments have worked and some have not. The progress has been more positive than negative and now we both are getting control back in our lives. I will say, though, I have never talked about bowel movements so much! Almost every day there is a question or discussion whether it was a good day or bad day for him, but I'll take that conversation any day now compared to what we went through before his diagnosis. We know that we still have a long road ahead of us, but our life has slowly gotten back to where we can enjoy it. I have come to learn that not only the patient suffers from the disease, but so do all who love and care for him. With access to the right team of doctors and working together we can look forward to a healthy and happy life. We're now planning our wedding!

EDITOR'S NOTE: Ms. Cassidy's fiancé has ulcerative colitis, one of the major types of inflammatory bowel disease. Ulcerative colitis is a chronic condition often diagnosed in young men and women, and characterized by periods of active symptoms of rectal urgency, diarrhea, and blood loss and other periods of remission, in which patients feel healthy and do not have these symptoms. Successful treatment of ulcerative colitis involves working with experienced and informed physicians to obtain safe and effective therapies, but a key ingredient to success is the essential support of family and friends. Living with someone who has a chronic disease can be as stressful as having the disease, and often our patients' support network needs as much education and attention as do our patients. We are grateful to Ms. Cassidy for sharing her story. – DTR

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My Daughter: The Artist, a Crohn's Patient: the Mother's View

My daughter, Wendy, has been an artist since the age of 2 years old – a Crohn's patient since she was 12. For several months, I took her back and forth to her pediatric doctor. Every time I told him of a complaint she had, he would explain it away or maybe have a test done to calm me of my distress. First, joint pain in her left knee, "growing pains" he said, then, tested her for rheumatoid arthritis, negative results. Frequent bowel movements, usually before she finished eating a meal, "good constitution" he said. No weight gain or growth, "slow growth period" he exclaimed. She was only 60 lbs. at 12 years old, people used to ask me if I fed her! Little to my knowledge, she was starving, because of an illness that did not absorb nutrients.

One night, Wendy crawled into bed with me in so much pain on her right side that she was shaking uncontrollably! I took her to the emergency room, thinking it might be appendicitis. The surgeon on staff told me that she was very anemic, and that anemia did not go along with the symptoms of appendicitis. He wanted to take more tests– two to three days worth of agony, wondering what was the matter with my daughter. After a series of CAT scans, upper and lower G.I. tests and X–rays, she was diagnosed with Crohn's disease. My first reaction was "What is Crohn's disease?" I had never heard about it. After the doctor explained the "dynamics" of this illness, I remembered all of the ailments for which I had taken her to see her pediatrician! I had always measured Wendy on the doorway and marked dates. From this "chart" the G.I. specialist presumed that she started with Crohn's about 10 months before it was diagnosed.

Then, came the ups and downs of this illness. Denial; informative seminars; my daughter hiding her meds in closets, under the bed, in drawers; support groups; face and body bloat from steroids; and most important, sincere G.I. specialists who tried to get her into remission. During an 8 year period of going from one G.I. specialist to another, always hoping for improvement, I finally broke my acceptance of what shall be. The doctor prescribed 150 doses of Vicodin for pain to get her through the Christmas season! I told him that I wanted to take her to see a doctor at the University of Chicago Hospitals. He told me he could send a referral, but it would take 3 weeks to get her in. That is when I took her to the emergency room at University of Chicago Hospital and waited for 13 hours for her to be seen. A lot better than 3 weeks! During our wait, as always, Wendy drew pictures. I could scribble something on a piece of paper and she could always make a picture out of it. She was first seen by Dr. Hanauer and many of his staff. I was very impressed with the thoroughness of the exams that were done. In the subsequent months and years of treatment, there were so many times we were in the emergency room that one nurse knew us immediately when we came in. She instructed whomever that was to take blood or start an I.V., to use the smallest needle as Wendy's veins were small, usually from dehydration.

More recently, my daughter became the patient of Dr. Rubin. He understands and cares about who she is, what she likes to do, and how to help her as a patient by treating her whole being. Wendy has had two bowel resections. The second resection was at University of Chicago Hosptial, with the good possibility that she would have to have an ileostomy for a few months. My heart leaped as she was wheeled back into her hospital room and said, "Look ma – no bag!" Her smile was as radiant as the sun! Dr. Rubin was determined to get her off of steroids and some of the other meds that she was on. She receives infliximab infusions every 6 weeks and her Crohn's is in remission now! Although she has a couple other health problems her remission has been a blessing. Instead of being 5'4" and 85 lbs., she is now 115–120 lbs. and looks fabulous. Throughout all of these years, my daughter, the artist, has painted, sketched and created beautiful jewelry. Some of the artwork shows the pain and helplessness of her illness. They are all works of art.

She is my inspiration, a soldier, who has been through hell and made stronger for it. Through those same years, I have read a lot about Crohn's; tried to make sense out of medical reports in the medical library; seminars; support groups; even TV shows on Crohn's disease. I ask questions, I have a list every time we go to see Dr. Rubin. Usually most of them are answered before they are even asked! As a mother, it has been hard to see my child sick and there was nothing that I could do to help! I could not fix her! But, I could learn as much as I could about her illness, I could ask about the last treatments, and I could be there to observe her and help her to cope. I have found that the support, caring and advocacy that I have given to her has helped her through her rough times as a patient, as well as her creative times as an artist. To our medical staff: I send my sincere and heartfelt thanks for making my daughter's life, as well as my life, so much more livable!

EDITOR'S NOTE: We are so grateful to Susan for sharing her compelling story as a mother of a patient with Crohn's disease. It is estimated that there are currently 1.4 million Americans with Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis (the inflammatory bowel diseases), and at least 33% of them were diagnosed under age 18, as in Susan's daughter's case. Crohn's disease is a chronic inflammatory bowel condition of unknown cause that is characterized by periods of active inflammation alternating with periods of remission. One of the most common presentations of Crohn's disease in a child is a failure to grow or mature. The good news, however, is that effective treatment of the disease usually results in prompt growth and catch–up, as is described here. Although we try to avoid surgery in all of our patients, it is often the most effective way to induce remission of the disease. Patients rarely require permanent diversion of their bowel contents to the skin (ostomies) anymore, but when they do, this usually results in a stable and long–term remission.

One of the major advances in the management of our inflammatory bowel disease patients has been the development of biologic therapies. These are agents that use technology to alter the immune system and control the disease. As Wendy's mother shared, she is receiving infliximab (Remicade™), an antibody against an inflammatory protein. Infliximab is FDA approved for the treatment of Crohn's disease and more recently, ulcerative colitis too (as well as other inflammatory diseases). The management of patients with chronic disease should include an understanding of what is important to the individual, so treatment decisions can be made with the quality of life and needs of the patient as a person in mind. Many patients with chronic illness find ways to express themselves, as Wendy has done so effectively through her art. – DTR



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Important Safety Information about AZASAN

WARNING: Chronic immunosuppression with this purine antimetabolite increases risk of neoplasia in humans. Physicians using this drug should be very familiar with this risk as well as with the mutagenic potential to both men and women and with possible hematologic toxicities. See WARNINGS section in complete Prescribing Information.

AZASAN® (azathioprine tablets) 75/100 mg is indicated as an adjunct for the prevention of rejection in renal homotransplantations, and also for the management of active rheumatoid arthritis to reduce signs and symptoms.The most commonly reported side effects associated with AZASAN therapy are leukopenia and/or thrombocytopenia, secondary infections, neoplasia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fever, myalgias, skin rashes, and hepatotoxicity. AZASAN therapy should be given cautiously when used concomitantly with allopurinol, ACE inhibitors, and other agents affecting myelopoiesis. AZASAN is contraindicated in pregnant and lactating women and in patients who have shown hypersensitivity to this product.

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Important Safety Information about METOZOLV® ODT

WARNING: TARDIVE DYSKINESIA

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Treatment with metoclopramide can cause tardive dyskinesia, a serious movement disorder that is often irreversible. The risk of developing tardive dyskinesia increases with the duration of treatment and the total cumulative dose.

Metoclopramide therapy should be discontinued in patients who develop signs or symptoms of tardive dyskinesia. There is no known treatment for tardive dyskinesia. In some patients, symptoms may lessen or resolve after metoclopramide treatment is stopped.

Treatment with metoclopramide for longer than 12 weeks should be avoided in all but rare cases where therapeutic benefit is thought to outweigh the risk of developing tardive dyskinesia.

METOZOLV® ODT (metoclopramide HCl) is indicated as short-term (4 to 12 weeks) therapy for adults with symptomatic, documented gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) who fail to respond to conventional therapy and for the relief of symptoms associated with acute and recurrent diabetic gastroparesis (diabetic gastric stasis) in adults. Therapy should not exceed 12 weeks in duration. Take on an empty stomach up to four times daily, at least 30 minutes before eating and at bedtime.

METOZOLV ODT is contraindicated in patients with intestinal obstruction, hemorrhage, or perforation; pheochromocytoma; known sensitivity or intolerance to metoclopramide; epilepsy; or are receiving concomitant medications with extrapyramidal reactions.

Extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS), manifested primarily as acute dystonic reactions, occur in approximately 1 in 500 patients treated with the usual adult dosages of 30 to 40 mg/day of metoclopramide. These usually are seen during the first 24 to 48 hours of treatment with metoclopramide, occur more frequently in pediatric patients and adult patients less than 30 years of age and are even more frequent at higher doses.

Drug-induced Parkinsonism can occur during metoclopramide therapy, more commonly within the first 6 months after beginning treatment, but also after longer periods. Patients with a history of Parkinson’s disease should be given metoclopramide cautiously, if at all, since such patients can experience exacerbation of Parkinsonian symptoms when taking metoclopramide.

There have been rare reports of an uncommon but potentially fatal symptom complex sometimes referred to as Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS) associated with metoclopramide. Clinical manifestations of NMS include hyperthermia, muscle rigidity, altered consciousness, and evidence of autonomic instability. The management of NMS should include immediate discontinuation of metoclopramide and other drugs not essential to concurrent therapy.

Depression associated with metoclopramide use has occurred in patients with and without a history of depression. For those patients with a prior history of depression, metoclopramide should only be given if the expected benefits outweigh the potential risks.

In one study in hypertensive patients, intravenously administered metoclopramide was shown to release catecholamines; hence, caution should be exercised when metoclopramide is used in patients with hypertension. Any rapid rise in blood pressure associated with METOZOLV ODT use should result in immediate cessation of metoclopramide use in those patients.

Since metoclopramide produces a transient increase in plasma aldosterone, patients with cirrhosis or congestive heart failure may be at risk of developing fluid retention and volume overload. If these side effects occur at any time in any patients during metoclopramide therapy, the drug should be discontinued.

Adverse reactions, especially those involving the nervous system, may occur after stopping the use of METOZOLV ODT.

In clinical studies, the most frequently reported adverse events (≥2% occurrence) were headache, nausea, fatigue, somnolence, and vomiting.

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Important Safety Information about OSMOPREP

WARNINGS

There have been rare, but serious reports of acute phosphate nephropathy in patients who received oral sodium phosphate products for colon cleansing prior to colonoscopy. Some cases have resulted in permanent impairment of renal function and some patients required long–term dialysis. While some cases have occurred in patients without identifiable risk factors, patients at increased risk of acute phosphate nephropathy may include those with increased age, hypovolemia, increased bowel transit time (such as bowel obstruction), active colitis, or baseline kidney disease, and those using medicines that affect renal perfusion or function (such as diuretics, angiotensin converting enzyme [ACE] inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers [ARBs], and possibly nonsteroidal anti–inflammatory drugs [NSAIDs]).

It is important to use the dose and dosing regimen as recommended (PM/AM split dose).

OSMOPREP® (sodium phosphate monobasic monohydrate, USP, and sodium phosphate dibasic anhydrous, USP) Tablets are indicated for cleansing of the colon as a preparation for colonoscopy in adults 18 years of age or older. Considerable caution should be advised before OSMOPREP is used in patients with severe renal insufficiency, congestive heart failure, ascites, unstable angina, gastric retention, ileus, severe chronic constipation, bowel perforation, toxic megacolon, gastric bypass or stapling surgery, or hypomotility syndrome. Use with caution in patients with impaired renal function, patients with a history of seizures or at higher risk of seizure, patients with higher risk of cardiac arrhythmias, known or suspected electrolyte disturbances (such as dehydration), or people taking drugs that affect electrolyte levels. Patients with electrolyte abnormalities such as hypernatremia, hyperphosphatemia, hypokalemia, or hypocalcemia should have their electrolytes corrected before treatment with OSMOPREP.

OSMOPREP is contraindicated in patients with a known allergy or hypersensitivity to sodium phosphate salts or any of its ingredients, and in patients with biopsy–proven acute phosphate nephropathy. In clinical trials, the most commonly reported adverse reactions (reporting frequency >3%) were abdominal bloating, nausea, abdominal pain, and vomiting. It is recommended that patients receiving OSMOPREP be advised to adequately hydrate before, during, and after the use of OsmoPrep.

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Important Safety Information about VISICOL

WARNINGS

There have been rare, but serious reports of acute phosphate nephropathy in patients who received oral sodium phosphate products for colon cleansing prior to colonoscopy. Some cases have resulted in permanent impairment of renal function and some patients required long-term dialysis. While some cases have occurred in patients without identifiable risk factors, patients at increased risk of acute phosphate nephropathy may include those with increased age, hypovolemia, increased bowel transit time (such as bowel obstruction), active colitis, or baseline kidney disease, and those using medicines that affect renal perfusion or function (such as diuretics, angiotensin converting enzyme [ACE] inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers [ARBs], and possibly nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs [NSAIDs]).

It is important to use the dose and dosing regimen as recommended (PM/AM split dose).

VISICOL® (sodium phosphate monobasic monohydrate, USP, and sodium phosphate dibasic anhydrous, USP) Tablets are indicated for cleansing of the colon as a preparation for colonoscopy in adults 18 years of age or older. VISICOL is not to be used in patients with congestive heart failure, ascites, unstable angina pectoris, gastric retention, ileus or acute obstruction or pseudo-obstruction, severe chronic constipation, bowel perforation, acute colitis, toxic megacolon, or hypomotility syndrome. Use with caution in patients with impaired renal function, pre-existing electrolyte disturbances, or people taking drugs that affect electrolyte levels. VISICOL is contraindicated in patients with a known allergy or hypersensitivity to sodium phosphate salts or any of its ingredients. In clinical trials, the most commonly observed (≥1%) adverse reactions occurring with use of VISICOL were generally transient and self-limited and included nausea, vomiting, abdominal bloating, abdominal pain, dizziness and headache.

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Complete Prescribing Information for VISICOL, including BOXED WARNING pdf

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